Observer Bias | Definition, Examples, Prevention

Observer bias happens when a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study. It often affects studies where observers are aware of the research aims and hypotheses. Observer bias is also called detection bias.

Observer bias is particularly likely to occur in observational studies. But it can also affect other types of research where measurements are taken or recorded manually.

What is observational research?

In observational studies, you often record behaviors or take measurements from participants without trying to influence the outcomes or the situation. Observational studies are used in many research fields, including medicine, psychology, behavioral science, and ethnography.

Observer bias can occur regardless of whether you use qualitative or quantitative research methods.

Subjective methods

Subjective research methods involve some type of interpretation before you record the observations.

In any research involving others, your own experiences, habits, or emotions can influence how you perceive and interpret others’ behaviors. They may lead you to note some observations as relevant while ignoring other equally important observations.

Example: Subjective methods
You perform an observational study to investigate how young children interact with a new toy. The children are paired up and given one new toy, and you and another researcher observe how often they share or take turns playing with it.

You note down and interpret different types of interactions between the children and conclude that they spent most of the time sharing the toy and having positive interactions. Your colleague, however, disagrees, finding that most of their exchanges seemed unfriendly.

Your expectations about the research may lead to skewed results. There’s a risk you may be subconsciously primed to see only what you expect to observe.

Objective methods

Observer bias may still influence your study even when you use more objective methods (e.g., physiological devices, medical images) for measurement.

That’s because people have a tendency to interpret readings differently, so results can vary between observers in a study.

Example: Objective methods
You measure blood pressure in parents using a blood pressure monitor. When recording measurements, you tend to round blood pressure up to the nearest whole number, while your colleague rounds down.

A lack of training, poor control, and inadequate procedures or protocols may lead to systematic errors from observer bias.

Observer drift

As you collect data, you become more familiar with the procedures and you might become less careful when taking or recording measurements. Observer drift happens when observers depart from the standard procedures in set ways and therefore rate the same events differently over time.

Example: Observer drift
Over time, you begin to flag only extremely high blood pressure measurements as “high,” even though your instruction manual gives different guidelines for interpreting blood pressure.

How to minimize observer bias

It’s important to design research in a way that minimizes observer bias. Note that, while you can try to reduce observer bias, you may not be able to fully eliminate it from your study.

How to minimize observer bias

Use masking

Masking, or blinding, helps you make sure that both your participants and your observers are unaware of the research aims.

This can remove some of the research expectations that come from knowing the study purpose, so observers are less likely to be biased in a particular way.

You can implement masking by involving other people in your studies as observers and giving them a cover story to mislead them about the true purpose of your study.

Use triangulation

Triangulation means using multiple observers, information sources, or research methods to make sure your findings are credible. It’s always a good idea to use triangulation to corroborate your measurements and check that they line up with each other.

To reduce observer bias, it’s especially important to involve multiple observers and to try to use multiple data collection methods for the same observations. When the data from different observers or different methods converge, you reduce the risk of bias and can feel more confident in your results.

Multiple observers

With more than one observer, you make sure that your data are consistent and unlikely to be skewed by any single observer’s biases.

When you have multiple observers, it’s important to check and maintain high interrater reliability. Interrater reliability refers to how consistently multiple observers rate the same observation.

With quantitative data, you can compare data from multiple observers, calculate interrater reliability, and set a threshold that you want to meet. Usually, you train observers in the procedures until they can consistently produce the same or similar observations for every event in training sessions.

Train observers

Before you start any study, it’s a good idea to train all observers to make sure everyone collects and records data in exactly the same way.

It’s important to calibrate your methods so that there’s very little or no variation in how different observers report the same observation. You can recalibrate your procedures between observers at various points in the study to keep interrater reliability high and minimize observer drift as well.

Standardize your procedures

It’s best to create standardized procedures or protocols that are structured and easy to understand for all observers. For example, if your study is about behaviors, make sure to specify all behaviors that observers should note.

Record these procedures (in videos or text) so you can refer back to them at any point in the research process to refresh your memory.

Other biases

Observer bias is closely related to several other types of research bias.

Observer-expectancy effect

The observer-expectancy effect occurs when researchers influence the results of their own study through interactions with participants.

Researchers may unintentionally signal their own beliefs and expectations about the study and influence participants through demand characteristics.

The observer-expectancy effect also goes by other names:

Example: Observer-expectancy effect
You’re examining the effects of a new painkiller for back pain. You run an experiment with two groups:

  • Group A (treatment group) receives the actual treatment with the new painkiller
  • Group B (control group) receives no treatment, but instead takes a placebo

The participants don’t know whether they’re part of Group A or B, but you do (single blind design). Unconsciously, you treat the two groups differently while conducting a survey about their level of back pain. You treat Group B as if you expect the participants to still be in pain and frame your questions more negatively than for Group A.

Actor–observer bias

The actor–observer bias is an attributional bias where you tend to attribute the cause of something differently depending on whether you’re the actor or observer in that situation.

As an actor in a situation, you may tend to attribute your own behavior to external factors. As an observer, you may instead attribute another person’s behavior, even if it’s the same as yours, to internal factors. The actor–observer bias is a social psychological topic.

Example: Actor–observer bias
You’re working as a trainee and find yourself in a slump. You attribute that to the cold weather, the lack of sun, and a long commute to the office (all external factors).

A couple of weeks later, you observe another colleague feeling the same way, but you attribute it to their own personality, work ethic, and lack of drive (all internal factors).

Hawthorne effect

The Hawthorne effect refers to some research participants’ tendency to work harder in order to perform better when they believe they’re being observed. It describes what participants being observed may inadvertently do in a study.

The Hawthorne effect is named after Hawthorne Works, a company where employee productivity supposedly improved, regardless of the experimental treatment, due to the presence of observers.

Example: Hawthorne effect
You’re a high school principal, and you’ve received complaints about a teacher’s classroom management skills. You decide to observe their classes for the day to determine whether the complaints are justified.

The teacher and students are aware of the principal observing them, which causes the students to behave better and the teacher to try harder. As a result, the principal’s observations are not in line with typical behavioral patterns in the classroom.

Experimenter bias

Experimenter bias covers all types of biases from researchers that may influence their studies. This includes observer bias, observer expectancy effects, actor–observer bias, and other biases. Experimenter bias is also called experimenter effect.

Other types of research bias

Frequently asked questions about observer bias

What is observer bias?

Observer bias occurs when a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study. It usually affects studies when observers are aware of the research aims or hypotheses. This type of research bias is also called detection bias or ascertainment bias.

Can I avoid observer bias?

It’s impossible to completely avoid observer bias in studies where data collection is done or recorded manually, but you can take steps to reduce this type of bias in your research.

How can I minimize observer bias in my research?

You can use several tactics to minimize observer bias.

  • Use masking (blinding) to hide the purpose of your study from all observers.
  • Triangulate your data with different data collection methods or sources.
  • Use multiple observers and ensure interrater reliability.
  • Train your observers to make sure data is consistently recorded between them.
  • Standardize your observation procedures to make sure they are structured and clear.
What is the observer-expectancy effect?

The observer-expectancy effect occurs when researchers influence the results of their own study through interactions with participants.

Researchers’ own beliefs and expectations about the study results may unintentionally influence participants through demand characteristics.

The observer-expectancy effect is often used synonymously with the Pygmalion or Rosenthal effect.

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Pritha Bhandari

Pritha has an academic background in English, psychology and cognitive neuroscience. As an interdisciplinary researcher, she enjoys writing articles explaining tricky research concepts for students and academics.