Grad School Interview Questions & How to Answer Them

Grad school interviews are the last step of the application process, so congratulations for making it to this stage! Getting this far is a big accomplishment—graduate schools only conduct interviews with those applicants they are seriously considering accepting.

Grad schools conduct interviews to assess your “fit” with their program and faculty, as well as your interpersonal skills. In many cases, they may also be attempting to match you with a supervisor.

Before the interview, you should prepare by doing your research and reflecting on how you’ll answer these common questions.

Continue reading: Grad School Interview Questions & How to Answer Them

When to Apply for Graduate School | Month-by-Month Timeline

Once you’ve decided to apply for graduate school, you need to carefully plan out the application process, leaving yourself enough time to:

In general, you’ll need to start preparing your application at least 6 months in advance of the deadline. Most application deadlines are about 7–9 months before the program’s start date.

Continue reading: When to Apply for Graduate School | Month-by-Month Timeline

Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

The two most common types of graduate degrees are master’s and doctoral degrees:

  • A master’s is a 1–2 year degree that can prepare you for a multitude of careers.
  • A PhD, or doctoral degree, takes 3–7 years to complete (depending on the country) and prepares you for a career in academic research.

A master’s is also the necessary first step to a PhD. In the US, the master’s is built into PhD programs, while in most other countries, a separate master’s degree is required before applying for PhDs.

Master’s are far more common than PhDs. In the US, 24 million people have master’s or professional degrees, whereas only 4.5 million have doctorates.

Continue reading: Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

How (and Who) to Ask For a Letter of Recommendation

Letters of recommendation often make or break a graduate school application. It’s important to think carefully about who to ask and how to do it.

Ideally, you should approach former supervisors who know you and your work well, and can advise you. Different programs require different types of recommendation letters, but the process of requesting them is similar.

Follow these five steps to guarantee a great recommendation, including program-specific tips and email examples.

Continue reading: How (and Who) to Ask For a Letter of Recommendation

Systematic Sampling | A Step-by-Step Guide with Examples

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method in which researchers select members of the population at a regular interval (or k) determined in advance.

If the population order is random or random-like (e.g., alphabetical), then this method will give you a representative sample that can be used to draw conclusions about your population of interest.

Systematic Sampling

Continue reading: Systematic Sampling | A Step-by-Step Guide with Examples

Stratified Sampling | Definition, Guide & Examples

In a stratified sample, researchers divide a population into homogeneous subpopulations called strata (the plural of stratum) based on specific characteristics (e.g., race, gender identity, location, etc.). Every member of the population studied should be in exactly one stratum.

Each stratum is then sampled using another probability sampling method, such as cluster sampling or simple random sampling, allowing researchers to estimate statistical measures for each sub-population.

Researchers rely on stratified sampling when a population’s characteristics are diverse and they want to ensure that every characteristic is properly represented in the sample. This helps with the generalizability and validity of the study, as well as avoiding research biases like undercoverage bias.

The procedure of stratified sampling.

Continue reading: Stratified Sampling | Definition, Guide & Examples

Cluster Sampling | A Simple Step-by-Step Guide with Examples

In cluster sampling, researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample.

Cluster sampling is a method of probability sampling that is often used to study large populations, particularly those that are widely geographically dispersed. Researchers usually use pre-existing units such as schools or cities as their clusters.

Cluster sampling is a method of probability sampling

Continue reading: Cluster Sampling | A Simple Step-by-Step Guide with Examples

Simple Random Sampling | Definition, Steps & Examples

A simple random sample is a randomly selected subset of a population. In this sampling method, each member of the population has an exactly equal chance of being selected.

This method is the most straightforward of all the probability sampling methods, since it only involves a single random selection and requires little advance knowledge about the population. Because it uses randomization, any research performed on this sample should have high internal and external validity, and be at a lower risk for research biases like sampling bias and selection bias.

Example
The American Community Survey (ACS) uses simple random sampling. Officials from the United States Census Bureau follow a random selection of individual inhabitants of the United States for a year, asking detailed questions about their lives in order to draw conclusions about the whole population of the US.

Systematic Sampling

Continue reading: Simple Random Sampling | Definition, Steps & Examples

Quasi-Experimental Design | Definition, Types & Examples

Like a true experiment, a quasi-experimental design aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

However, unlike a true experiment, a quasi-experiment does not rely on random assignment. Instead, subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria.

Quasi-experimental design is a useful tool in situations where true experiments cannot be used for ethical or practical reasons.

Continue reading: Quasi-Experimental Design | Definition, Types & Examples

Single, Double, & Triple Blind Study | Definition & Examples

In experimental research, subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. A double-blind study withholds each subject’s group assignment from both the participant and the researcher performing the experiment.

If participants know which group they are assigned to, there is a risk that they might change their behavior in a way that would influence the results. This can lead to a few types of research bias, particularly social desirability bias, self-selection bias, Hawthorne effect, or other demand characteristics.

Conversely, if researchers know which group a participant is assigned to, they might act in a way that reveals the assignment or directly influences the results. This can also lead to biases, particularly observer bias.

Double blinding guards against these risks, ensuring that any difference between the groups can be attributed to the treatment.

Continue reading: Single, Double, & Triple Blind Study | Definition & Examples